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A novel method for reliability and risk evaluation of wind energy conversion systems considering windspeed correlation

Seyed Mohsen MIRYOUSEFI AVAL,Amir AHADI,Hosein HAYATI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第1期页码 46-56 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0384-4

摘要： This paper investigates an analytical approach for the reliability modeling of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. At present, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, wind speed and wind turbine generator outage have not been addressed simultaneously. In this paper, a novel methodology based on the Weibull-Markov method is proposed for evaluating the probabilistic reliability of the bulk electric power systems, including DFIG wind turbines, considering wind speed and wind turbine generator outage. The proposed model is presented in terms of appropriate wind speed modeling as well as capacity outage probability table (COPT), considering component failures of the wind turbine generators. Based on the proposed method, the COPT of the wind farm has been developed and utilized on the IEEE RBTS to estimate the well-known reliability and sensitive indices. The simulation results reveal the importance of inclusion of wind turbine generator outage as well as wind speed in the reliability assessment of the wind farms. Moreover, the proposed method reduces the complexity of using analytical methods and provides an accurate reliability model for the wind turbines. Furthermore, several case studies are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in practical applications.

关键词： doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) composite system adequacy assessment wind speed correlation

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Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Yajvender Pal VERMA, Ashwani KUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 184-192 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0185-y

摘要： Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.

关键词： doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) load frequency control inertial control wind energy conversion system (WECS)

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Optimal placement of wind turbines within a wind farm considering multi-directional wind speed using

A.S.O. OGUNJUYIGBE, T.R. AYODELE, O.D. BAMGBOJE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 240-255 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0514-x

摘要： Most wind turbines within wind farms are set up to face a pre-determined wind direction. However, wind directions are intermittent in nature, leading to less electricity production capacity. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the wind farm layout optimization problem considering multi-angular (MA) wind direction with the aim of maximizing the total power generated on wind farms and minimizing the cost of installation. A two-stage genetic algorithm (GA) equipped with complementary sampling and uniform crossover is used to evolve a MA layout that will yield optimal output regardless of the wind direction. In the first stage, the optimal wind turbine layouts for 8 different major wind directions were determined while the second stage allows each of the previously determined layouts to compete and inter-breed so as to evolve an optimal MA wind farm layout. The proposed MA wind farm layout is thereafter compared to other layouts whose turbines have focused site specific wind turbine orientation. The results reveal that the proposed wind farm layout improves wind power production capacity with minimum cost of installation compared to the layouts with site specific wind turbine layouts. This paper will find application at the planning stage of wind farm.

关键词： optimal placement wind turbines wind direction genetic algorithm wake effect

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Droplet spectra and high-speed wind tunnel evaluation of air induction nozzles

Qing TANG, Liping CHEN, Ruirui ZHANG, Min XU, Gang XU, Tongchuan YI, Bin ZHANG

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第4期页码 442-454 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017169

摘要：

A series of air induction nozzles were tested in a high-speed wind tunnel. Droplet size spectra were measured for four air induction nozzles (IDK-120-01, IDK-120-02, IDK-120-03 and IDK-120-04) each at three spray pressures (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa) and seven different air velocities (121.7, 153.4, 185.5, 218.4, 253.5, 277.5 and 305.5 km·h ). The measurement distance (0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m) from the nozzle orifice was found to be important for the atomization of the droplets. The response surface method was used to analyze the experimental data. The results indicated that v and v of the droplets decreased quasi-linearly with increased wind speed, while v was affected by the quadratic of wind speed. v , v and v of the droplets were all proportional to the orifice size, and were not markedly influenced by the spray pressure. The percentage of the spray volume consisting of droplets with a diameter below 100 mm (%<100 mm) was found to be quadratically related to wind speed, and was not markedly influenced by the spray pressure and orifice size. However, the effect of the orifice size on the %<200 mm could not be ignored.

关键词： air induction nozzle wind tunnel aerial spray droplet size spectra

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Evaluation of the wind energy potential of two south west sites in Nigeria

Olaleye M. AMOO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 237-246 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0201-2

摘要： Wind resource assessment is a crucial first step in gauging the potential of a site to produce energy from wind turbines. In this paper, the wind energy potential of Abeokuta (07°03'N, 03°19'E) and Ijebu-Ode (06°47'N, 03°58'E), two south west sites in Nigeria were examined. Twenty years (1990–2010) of monthly mean wind data from a 10 m height were subjected to two-parameter Weibull analysis and other statistical analyses. The results show that the average annual mean wind speed variation for Abeokuta ranges from 2.2 to 5.0 m/s. For Ijebu-Ode, it ranges from 2.0 to 5.0 m/s. The wind power density variation based on the Weibull analysis ranges from 4.26 to 24.51 W/m for Abeokuta and from 8.54 to 76.46 W/m for Ijebu-Ode. Ijebu-Ode was found to be the better of the two sites in terms of annual variation of mean wind speed.

关键词： wind potential wind speed wind power density wind gust turbulence intensity Nigeria

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Power maximization of variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbines using passive adaptive neural fault

Hamed HABIBI, Hamed RAHIMI NOHOOJI, Ian HOWARD

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 377-388 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0431-4

摘要：

Power maximization has always been a practical consideration in wind turbines. The question of how to address optimal power capture, especially when the system dynamics are nonlinear and the actuators are subject to unknown faults, is significant. This paper studies the control methodology for variable-speed variable-pitch wind turbines including the effects of uncertain nonlinear dynamics, system fault uncertainties, and unknown external disturbances. The nonlinear model of the wind turbine is presented, and the problem of maximizing extracted energy is formulated by designing the optimal desired states. With the known system, a model-based nonlinear controller is designed; then, to handle uncertainties, the unknown nonlinearities of the wind turbine are estimated by utilizing radial basis function neural networks. The adaptive neural fault tolerant control is designed passively to be robust on model uncertainties, disturbances including wind speed and model noises, and completely unknown actuator faults including generator torque and pitch actuator torque. The Lyapunov direct method is employed to prove that the closed-loop system is uniformly bounded. Simulation studies are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： wind turbine nonlinear model maximum power tracking passive fault tolerant control adaptive neural control

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Condition monitoring of a wind turbine generator using a standalone wind turbine emulator

Himani,Ratna DAHIYA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 286-297 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0419-5

摘要： The intend of this paper is to give a description of the realization of a low-cost wind turbine emulator(WTE) with open source technology from graze required for the condition monitoring to diagnose rotor and stator faults in a wind turbine generator (WTG). The WTE comprises of a 2.5 kW DC motor coupled with a 1 kW squirrel-cage induction machine. This paper provides a detailed overview of the hardware and software used along with the WTE control strategies such as MPPT and pitch control. The emulator reproduces dynamic characteristics both under step variations and arbitrary variation in the wind speed of a typical wind turbine (WT) of a wind energy conversion system (WECS). The usefulness of the setup has been benchmarked with previously verified WT test rigs made at the University of Manchester and Durham University in UK. Considering the fact that the rotor blades and electric subassemblies direct drive WTs are most susceptible to damage in practice, generator winding faults and rotor unbalance have been introduced and investigated using the terminal voltage and generated current. This wind turbine emulator (WTE) can be reconfigured or analyzed for condition monitoring without the need for real WTs.

关键词： condition monitoring (CM) wind turbine emulator (WTE) wind turbine generator (WTG) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) tip speed ratio (TSR) rotor faults stator faults

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controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speedwind energy conversion system

Azzouz TAMAARAT,Abdelhamid BENAKCHA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 371-378 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0318-6

摘要： Due to several factors, wind energy becomes an essential type of electricity generation. The share of this type of energy in the network is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this work is to present the modeling and control strategy of a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by the rotor. This paper is to present the complete modeling and simulation of a wind turbine driven DFIG in the second mode of operating (the wind turbine pitch control is deactivated). It will introduce the vector control, which makes it possible to control independently the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the generator and the grid, based on vector control concept (with stator flux or voltage orientation) with classical PI controllers. Various simulation tests are conducted to observe the system behavior and evaluate the performance of the control for some optimization criteria (energy efficiency and the robustness of the control). It is also interesting to play on the quality of electric power by controlling the reactive power exchanged with the grid, which will facilitate making a local correction of power factor.

关键词： wind power doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) vector control active power reactive power maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

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DFIG sliding mode control fed by back-to-back PWM converter with DC-link voltage control for variable speedwind turbine

Youcef BEKAKRA,Djilani BEN ATTOUS

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 345-354 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0330-x

摘要： This paper proposes an indirect power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the rotor connected to the electric grid through a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for variable speed wind power generation. Appropriate state space model of the DFIG is deduced. An original control strategy based on a variable structure control theory, also called sliding mode control, is applied to achieve the control of the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid. A proportional-integral-(PI) controller is used to keep the DC-link voltage constant for a back-to-back PWM converter. Simulations are conducted for validation of the digital controller operation using Matlab/Simulink software.

关键词： doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) DC-link voltage sliding mode control

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Investigation of wind energy potentials in Brunei Darussalam

M. A. SALAM, M. G. YAZDANI, Q. M. RAHMAN, Dk NURUL, S. F. MEI, Syeed HASAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 731-741 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0528-4

摘要： Conventional power generation mainly depends on natural gas and diesel oil in Brunei Darussalam. The power utility company is now thinking of power generation using natural wind. In this paper, wind energy, being one of the most readily available renewable energy sources, was studied. The wind characteristic, velocity and directions were studied using Weibull distribution based on the measurement of wind speed at two different locations in Brunei Darussalam. These wind speed distributions were modeled using the Wind Power program. The wind rose graph was obtained for the wind direction to analyze the wind power density onshore and offshore. Based on this analysis, it has been found that the wind speed of 3 to 5 m/s has a probability of occurrence of 40%. Besides, the annual energy production at a wind speed of 5 m/s has been found to be in the range between 1000 and 1500 kWh for both the locations in Brunei Darussalam.

关键词： wind speed Weibull distribution wind rose wind energy wind power

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Techno-economic evaluation of wind energy in southwest Nigeria

Muyiwa S. ADARAMOLA, Olarenwaju M. OYEWOLA, Olayinka S. OHUNAKIN, Rufus R. DINRIFO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第4期页码 366-378 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0205-y

摘要： In this study, an analysis of the wind energy potential in the southwest geo-political region of Nigeria was conducted. A 37-year (1971–2007) wind speed data set measured at 10 m height, obtained from eight meteorological stations within the region was analyzed using a 2-parameter Weibull function. Besides, a techno-economic evaluation of large wind energy conversion systems with power ratings ranging from 0.6 to 2 MW at different hub heights based on the levelized unit cost of electricity was made for the different sites considered. The result showed that electricity cost varied from 0.06997 and 0.11195 $/(kW·h) to 2.86611 and 4.58578 $/(kW·h) at limit values of turbine specific cost band intervals of 1000 and 1600 $/kW. It was further shown that Lagos, having the highest accumulated power outputs of 430.10 kW/a from DeWind D7 at 70 m hub height, is the most preferred for economically usable power generation in terms of the levelized unit cost.

关键词： mean wind speed Weibull distributions wind turbine techno-economic analysis southwest geopolitical region Nigeria

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Tacholess order-tracking approach for wind turbine gearbox fault detection

Yi WANG, Yong XIE, Guanghua XU, Sicong ZHANG, Chenggang HOU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第12卷第3期页码 427-439 doi: 10.1007/s11465-017-0452-z

摘要：

Monitoring of wind turbines under variable-speed operating conditions has become an important issue in recent years. The gearbox of a wind turbine is the most important transmission unit; it generally exhibits complex vibration signatures due to random variations in operating conditions. Spectral analysis is one of the main approaches in vibration signal processing. However, spectral analysis is based on a stationary assumption and thus inapplicable to the fault diagnosis of wind turbines under variable-speed operating conditions. This constraint limits the application of spectral analysis to wind turbine diagnosis in industrial applications. Although order-tracking methods have been proposed for wind turbine fault detection in recent years, current methods are only applicable to cases in which the instantaneous shaft phase is available. For wind turbines with limited structural spaces, collecting phase signals with tachometers or encoders is difficult. In this study, a tacholess order-tracking method for wind turbines is proposed to overcome the limitations of traditional techniques. The proposed method extracts the instantaneous phase from the vibration signal, resamples the signal at equiangular increments, and calculates the order spectrum for wind turbine fault identification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally validated with the vibration signals of wind turbines.

关键词： wind turbine variable-speed operating conditions Vold-Kalman filtering tacholess order tracking

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海洋二号卫星3个主要载荷风速测量比较

贾永君,刘建强,林明森,张有广

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第6期页码 27-32

摘要：

海面风速对海洋中动能的转移、海气间物质和能量的交换具有非常重要的作用。海洋二号（HY-2）卫星搭载的雷达高度计、微波散射计和扫描微波辐射计均可以用来探测海面风速。区别是雷达高度计只能测量星下点风速，微波散射计可以得到宽刈幅的风场（包括风向和风速），扫描微波辐射计可获得宽刈幅的风速。为了更好地分析3 个载荷风速测量能力，针对2013 年9 月19 日“天兔”台风影响海域范围内的海面风速，比较了3 种载荷的探测结果。结果表明，在小于20 m/s 风速范围内，雷达高度计和微波散射计探测到的风速非常接近，标准偏差小于2 m/s，而扫描微波辐射计测量的风速比另外两个载荷测量的风速大；在20～35 m/s风速范围内，雷达高度计和扫描微波辐射计风速较为接近；在大于35 m/s 的高风速区，只有扫描微波辐射计可以探测出风速，但其测量精度还需要进一步验证。

关键词：风速雷达高度计海洋二号

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风力发电变流器发展现状与展望

马伟明,肖飞

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第1期页码 11-20

摘要：

风电机组宽泛的使用环境，使作为机组关键设备之一的大容量变流器必须满足高功率密度、高可靠性与优良控制性能等要求。国产风电变流器的研发近几年有了较快的发展，但总体上依然落后于国外先进水平。文章对风电变流器，重点是直驱式全功率变流器的若干关键技术做了介绍，给出了相关问题的解决思路。

关键词：风力发电变速恒频双馈型直驱型变流器

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HY-2卫星雷达高度计风速反演验证

贾永君,张有广,林明森

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第6期页码 54-59

摘要：

本文给出了海洋二号（HY-2）卫星雷达高度计风速反演的双参数算法模型，并利用Jason-1 产品和HY-2 卫星微波散射计产品定性验证了双参数算法模型的正确性，同时利用星星交叉比对方法、美国国家浮标数据中心（National Data Buoy Center，NDBC）浮标数据验证方法、美国国家环境预报中心（National Centers for Environmental Prediction，NCEP）再分析数据验证方法三种不同方法对该模型进行定量化验证，结果表明HY-2 卫星雷达高度计风速反演的双参数算法模型的反演精度达到2.0 m/s 的精度，满足海洋业务应用和科学研究的精度要求，可为用户提供满足观测要求的海面风产品。

关键词：风速反演双参数模型雷达高度计 HY-2